31. a. propane C3H8
b. pentane C6H12
32. "-ane" refers to the carbon bonds.
33. Yes, the molecules are all isomers of each other because they have the same molecular formulas but different arrangement of atoms.
34. on paper
35. The shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism is butane.
36. An unbranched hydrocarbon molecule can be represented as a linear chain as well as a zig-zag chain as long as it is composed of four or more atoms.
37. on paper
38. a. long straight chain
b. a long branched chain
c. a short branched chain
3 SBS:
1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" because petroleum's plant energy is found from the sun and is now buried under the ground.
2. a. potential energy is stored energy, and an example is a spring within a toy
b. kinetic energy is energy related to motion, and an example is a toy moving, triggering the spring to unwind
3. In a chemical reaction, a chemical bond is broken and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds.
4. A molecule of methane has more potential energy because the overall chemical change is exothermic.
5. a. potential energy
b. potential energy
c. kinetic energy
d. potential energy
e. kinetic energy
6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because there is no other way to break the bonds and order reactant atoms to reorganize and from new bonds.
7. a. exothermic
b. exothermic
c. endothermic
8. The quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the reactants compared with the quantity of energy stored in the bonds of the products is greater, thus creating an exothermic reaction.
9. on paper
10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed in any chemical reaction or physical change.
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