B.3
1. Human exposure to ultraviolet radiation is potentially more harmful than exposure to infrared radiation because certain forms of radiation can lead to skin cancer and sunburn.
2. Visible solar radiation plays a major role in the interaction of visible light with electrons in chlorophyll molecules, (photosynthesis), and it also causes red sunsets and blue skies because of the scattering of the sun's radiation.
3. Dry, arid regions in the US experience wider air temperature fluctuations from night to day than do states with more humid conditions because as warmer air expands, it's density decreases and the warmer air is then displaced by colder, denser air, causing the warmer air to rise. Another factor could be the earth's rotation which influences wind patterns.
4. a. The warmer the air is, the density decreases and is then replaced by colder air.
b. The colder the air is, the density increases and is replaced by warmer air.
B.8
1. 100 kg of carbon dioxide is produced daily by all 10 Riverwood High School buses.
2. 40 liters of fuel are consumed daily by buses idling at Riverwood High School.
3. In a 180-day school year, 18,000 kg of carbon dioxide would be released into the atmosphere by these buses while idling. 7,200 liters of duel would be consumed.
Unit 3 SAS
1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.
3. Petroleum is used as a fuel and is converted to gasoline. Petroleum is also used as a raw material from which many products are manufactured.
5. Crude oil is called "crude" because it is not processed or refined in its natural state, therefore we can not commercially use it until it is transported.
6. a. 23,843
b. 21,220
7. Propane and gasoline are fuels obtained from crude petroleum.
8. Clothing, CDs, sports equipment, and roller skates are items made from petroleum
10. a. The Middle East has the most petroleum reserves relative to its population
b. Western Europe has the least petroleum reserves relative to its population
11. a. North America and Western Europe consume a greater proportion of petroleum than they possess
b. The Middle East and Africa consume a smaller proportion of petroleum than they posses
12. Separation of two different liquids will only work if the substances are insoluble in each other.
13. Acetone and water would be easiest to separate from each other by distillation because they are insoluble.
15. on paper
16. Fractional distillation does not separate each compound in crude oil, and it produces several distinctive mixtures instead.
17. Light- refined oils
Intermediate- gas oil
Heavy- wax
18. The fraction with the highest boiling point range will be at the bottom of the distillation tower.
19. The fractional distillation process could be repeated until the components of each fraction are fully separated.
20. Pentane, hexane, octane, and methane.
21. A covalent bond is a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.
22. Atoms with filled outer electron shells do not form covalent bonds because they can be bonded separately.
23. The analogy describes the sharing of electrons both working together to hold the same atoms together in a covalent bond.
26. a. a structural formula illustrates the complete concept of a molecule in a graphical representation, whereas the molecular formula is a less detailed representation of a molecule.
b. a structural formula is an inadequate representation of an actual molecule because there is not an accurate representation of where an electron's mass is located.
27. on paper
28. The electron-dot representation of a carbon atom shows only four dots because it only represents the valence electrons for carbon.
29. on paper
30. a. 108
b. 192
c. 120
d. 216
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