20. a. a soft drink
b. black coffee
c. milk of magnesia
21. A solution at pH 2.0 is 100 times more acidic than a pH 4.0.
22. pH too low (acidic)- fish egg development is impaired, increased concentration of metal ions in natural waters
pH too high (basic)- alkaline solutions are able to dissolve organic materials, including skin and scales.
23. Polar molecules are molecules in which have different electric charges at either end of the molecule. Polar molecules dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar molecules dissolve in nonpolar substances.
24. Both water and ethanol are polar substances, so you would have to choose lamp oil to dissolve a polar substance.
25. NaCl dissolves in water but not in cooking oil because cooking oil is nonpolar, and the salt particles cannot be homogeneously mixed throughout.
26. The phrase "like dissolves like", means that polar substances dissolve in polar solvents, and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
27. You cannot clean greasy dishes with just plain water because water is a polar substance and will not dissolve the grease. You would need a nonpolar substance in order to clean greasy dishes.
33. a. nonpolar materials are used in these cleaners.
b. using these cleaners is more effective because since water molecules are polar, they wouldn't dissolve the grease properly.
35. Hydrogen would have a partial positive charge as opposed to flourine which has high electronegativity.
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